DAFTAR ISI
Daftar Isi .................................................................................................................. 2
History ...................................................................................................................... 5
Pengertian EKG ..................................................................................................... 5
Kalibrasi Mesin EKG..............................................................................................
6
Elektrokardiogram .................................................................................................. 7
Aksi Potensial ......................................................................................................... 8
Sadapan Bipolar .................................................................................................... 10
Sadapan Unipolar
Ekstremitas Lead .................................................................. 12
Sadapan Unipolar
Prekordial .............................................................................. 13
Konduksi Jantung ................................................................................................. 17
Kertas EKG ............................................................................................................. 20
Gambaran EKG Normal ........................................................................................ 22
Gelombang P .......................................................................................................... 23
Komplek QRS ......................................................................................................... 25
Gelombang Q ......................................................................................................... 26
Gelombang R ......................................................................................................... 26
Perhitungan Heart
Rate ....................................................................................... 30
Gelombang S .......................................................................................................... 31
Gelombang T .......................................................................................................... 31
Gelombang U ......................................................................................................... 33
Interval PR .............................................................................................................. 34
Segment ST ............................................................................................................ 35
Interval QT ............................................................................................................... 36
ARITMIA
Irama Jantung ........................................................................................................ 39
Daftar Isi Aritmia ..................................................................................................... 40
Aritmia
Dari SA-Node
Sinus
Bradikardia ...................................................................................... 41
Sinus Takikardi ........................................................................................... 42
Sinus Arrest ................................................................................................ 42
Blok Sinoatrial ............................................................................................ 43
Aritmia Sinus .............................................................................................. 43
SSS (Sick Sinus Syndrome) .................................................................... 44
Aritmia
Dari Atrium
PAC
(Premature Atrial Contraction) ........................................................ 44
Takikardia Atrial .......................................................................................... 47
AF (Atrial Fibrilasi) ..................................................................................... 49
AFL (Atrial Flutter) ...................................................................................... 52
SVT (SupraVentrikular Takikardia) ......................................................... 55
Takikardia Atrial .......................................................................................... 47
AF (Atrial Fibrilasi) ..................................................................................... 49
AFL (Atrial Flutter) ...................................................................................... 52
SVT (SupraVentrikular Takikardia) ......................................................... 55
PSVT
(Paroxismal SupraVentrikular Takikardia) ................................. 56
SVES (SupraVentrikular Extrasystole) ................................................... 54
SVES (SupraVentrikular Extrasystole) ................................................... 54
WAP
(Wandering Atrial Pacemaker) ...................................................... 54
Gangguan
Konduksi Di SupraVentrikuler
AV Blok
Derajat 1 ....................................................................................... 58
AV Blok Derajat 2 Type Mobitz 1 / Wenchebach .................................. 58
AV Blok Derajat 2 Type Mobitz 2 ............................................................. 59
AV Blok Derajat 3 Atau Total AV Block .................................................. 60
AV Blok Derajat 2 Type Mobitz 1 / Wenchebach .................................. 58
AV Blok Derajat 2 Type Mobitz 2 ............................................................. 59
AV Blok Derajat 3 Atau Total AV Block .................................................. 60
Bundle
Branch Block .......................................................................................... 62
RBBB
(Right Bundle Branch Block) ....................................................... 63
LBBB (Left
Bundle Branch Block) .......................................................... 64
Aritmia
Dari AV-NODE
Juctional
Bradikardia ................................................................................. 67
Juctional
Takikardia ................................................................................... 67
Juctional
Extrasystole ............................................................................... 67
Juctional
Acceleration ............................................................................... 67
Aritmia
Dari Ventrikel
VES
(Ventrikel Extrasystole)/ PVC (Premature Ventrikel Compleks) 68
VES Bigemini, ................................................................................ 70
VES Bigemini, ................................................................................ 70
VES Trigemini, ................................................................................ 70
VES Quadrigemini, ........................................................................ 70
VES Multifokal, ............................................................................... 71
VES Consecutive (Kuplet) ............................................................ 71
VES R On T......................................................................................
72
AIVR (Acceleration Idioventrikular) ......................................................... 73
VT (Ventrikel Takikardia) ........................................................................... 75
AIVR (Acceleration Idioventrikular) ......................................................... 73
VT (Ventrikel Takikardia) ........................................................................... 75
Monomorfik ...................................................................................... 75
Polimorfik ......................................................................................... 75
VF (Ventrikel Fibrilasi) ............................................................................... 76
Asistole ........................................................................................................ 77
Torsade De Pointes ................................................................................... 77
PEA (Pulseless Electrical Activity)........................................................... 77
VF (Ventrikel Fibrilasi) ............................................................................... 76
Asistole ........................................................................................................ 77
Torsade De Pointes ................................................................................... 77
PEA (Pulseless Electrical Activity)........................................................... 77
Hipertrofi Atrium ..................................................................................................... 78
Hipertrofi Ventrikel ................................................................................................. 81
AXIS JANTUNG ..................................................................................................... 84
INFARK MIOKARD
Ischemia ........................................................................................................ 88
Injury .............................................................................................................. 91
Nekrosis ......................................................................................................... 93
Gelombang Salvador .................................................................................. 95
Lokasi Miokard Infark .................................................................................. 96
ANEKA KELAINAN ECG
Hiperkalemia ................................................................................................. 100
Hipokalemia .................................................................................................. 101
Hiperkalsemia ............................................................................................... 102
Hipokalsemia ................................................................................................ 103
Digitalis .......................................................................................................... 104
Perikarditis .................................................................................................... 105
Intepretasi ECG ...................................................................................................... 106
Interpretasi ECG 12 lead ...................................................................................... 107
SPO Perekaman ECG .......................................................................................... 109
Kritik dan Saran ..................................................................................................... 112
Daftar Pustaka ........................................................................................................ 113
History
- Alexander Muirhead (1872) di st.
Bartholomew’s Hospital menggunakan kabel yang dihubungkan dengan tangan
- John Burdon Sanderson seorang fisiolog
Britania menggunakan elektrometer kapiler Lippmann
1.
Augustus
Waller (1911) di st. Mary’s Hospital di Paddington, London
Menggunakan
elektrometer kapiler Lippmann dipasang ke mesin proyektor, jejak detak jantung
diproyeksikan ke piringan foto yang dipasang kesebuah kereta api mainan
2.
dr.
Belanda kelahiran Semarang 21 Mei 1960, Hindia Belanda (indonesia)
Willem Eithoven yang
bekerja di Leiden, Belanda (1901)
Menggunakan
Galvanometer senar P, Q, R, S, T
Tahun 1924
mendapatkan Nobel Fisiologi.
EKG (Elektrokardiografi) adalah alat bantu diagnostik yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi
aktivitas listrik jantung atau
Merekam aktivitas listrik
jantung di kertas grafik
Kalibrasi
Penentuan ukuran kertas
secara standar atau kalibrasi secara internasional dibuat dengan voltase 1
mV (10 mm atau 10 kotak kecil) dengan kecepatan 25 mm/detik (25 kotak kecil
atau 5 kotak sedang)
Artinya dalam satu detik
terdiri dari 25 kotak kecil atau 25 mm, berarti 1 mm atau 1 kotak
kecil bernilai 0,04
detik
Dalam satu mV terdapat 10 mm
atau 10 kotak kecil berarti satu kotak kecil 0,1 mV
Catatan :
Apabila dalam perekaman
gambar terlalu kecil maka dalam kalibrasi kita bisa mengubah menjadi 2 mV sehingga
gambar menjadi besar,
Sebaliknya apabila jarak
antar gelombang/ interval satu dengan lainya sulit dihitung, kecepatan dapat
dinaikkan menjadi 50 mm/ detik
akan tetapi penilaian 1 kotak kecil berubah menjadi 0,02 s.
Hati Hati :
Kalibrasi 12,5 s menyebabkan
terlihat seolah Takikardia
Kalibrasi 25 s Normal
Kalibrasi 50 s Bradikardia
waktu
|
1 mV = 10
kotak kecil arah vertikal
|
1 kotak
kecil menggambarkan 40 ms atau 0,04 s (horisontal)
dan
amplitudo 0,1 mV (vertikal)
|
amplitudo
|
1 kotak
sedang (5x5) = 0,2 s dan 0,5 mV
|
1
mV
10 mm = 10
kk
= 0,1 x 10
= 1 mV
|
25 mm/ s
25 mm = 25 kk
= 25 x 0,04 s
= 1 s
|
Elektrokardiogram
Fase
depolarisasi :
–
bagian yang terjadi akibat penyebaran impuls
Fase
repolarisasi :
–
bagian yang terjadi bila sel otot jantung
kembali istirahat
Arah
defleksi ditentukan :
–
Arah
penyebaran impuls depolarisasi
–
Letak
elektroda
Hubungan arah impuls
– defleksi elektrokardiogram
Arah
impuls depolarisasi
|
Arah
defleksi
|
Gambar
|
Menuju elektroda +
|
Positif (ke atas)
|
|
Menuju – meninggalkan
|
Bifasik
|
|
Meninggalkan elektroda +
|
Negatif (ke bawah)
|
Sel istirahat
+ + + + + + +
|
Sel sedang
depolarisasi
--- --- --- + + + +
|
||
-- -- -- --- ---
---
--- --- --- ---
---
|
+ + + +
+ + + +
|
--- --- ---
--- --- ---
|
|
+ + + + + + +
Sel telah
depolarisasi
--- --- --- ---
---
|
--- --- --- + + + + +
Sel mulai
repolarisasi
--- --- --- + + + +
|
||
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
|
+ + + +
+ + + +
|
--- --- ---
--- --- ---
|
|
--- --- --- ---
|
--- --- --- + + + +
|
AKSI POTENSIAL
Aktivitas listrik jantung terjadi
akibat perubahan permeabilitas yang memungkinkan terjadi transport ion melewati
saluran cepat dan saluran lambat terutama ion Na, K, Ca.
FASE
AKSI POTENSIAL
v
Fase 0
Fase
Depolarisasi Cepat (Up stroke)
Menggambarkan
arus masuknya Natrium (Na+) dari luar sel ke dalam dengan cepat
Muatan
di dalam sel menjadi positif dan diluar sel menjadi negatif
v
Fase 1
Fase
awal Repolarisasi/ Repolarisasi Parsial (spike)
Mengembalikan
potensial dalam sel ke 0 miliVolt akibat penutupan saluran Natrium (inaktivasi)
v
Fase 2
Plateu
Tidak terjadi perubahan muatan listrik, ion masuk
seimbang dengan ion yang keluar. K, Na, Ca masuk
melalui saluran lambat.
Kalsium
bergerak masuk ke dalam sel otot jantung dengan laju relatif lebih lambat
Keadaan
stabil agak lama sesuai masa Refrakter Absolut dari Miokardium
v
Fase 3
Repolarisasi
cepat (down upstroke)
Pengembalian
Potensial intrasel ke potensial istirahat
Kalium
keluar dari dalam sel
Muatan
positif dalam sel berkurang
v
Fase 4
Fase
istirahat, Polarisasi
Dalam
sel otot bermuatan negatif, luar sel bermuatan positif
Sadapan Bipolar
Bipolar karena merekam
perbedaan potensial dari dua elektrode (atas, bawah dan samping).
Sadapan I
= beda potensial RA/ Right Arm (-) dan LA/ Left Arm (+)
(arah 0o
lateral kiri)
Sadapan II = beda potensial RA (-) dan LF/ Left Foot (+)
(arah 60o inferior)
Pada gambaran EKG Aritmia lead II panjang diambil 6 detik dikalikan 10 =
1 menit,
diambil Lead II panjang
karena arah vector atau arah lead II sejajar dengan jantung.
continue ......
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